External risk intelligence

Cisco ISE API Vulnerability Allows Remote Code Execution.

CVE advisoryKnown Exploit

CVE-2025-20281

A vulnerability in Cisco ISE APIs allows an unauthenticated attacker to gain root access and execute arbitrary code. This affects organizations using Cisco Identity Services Engine and Cisco ISE-PIC, posing a high business risk of system compromise and unauthorized control.

4Halo Surface Signal

Cisco Identity Services Engine

3.3.03.4.0

External exposure likelihood

Halo Surface Signal score for CVE-2025-20281

Cisco Identity Services Engine (ISE) is a centralized network policy and identity management platform. While often deployed internally, it frequently functions as a critical service gateway, policy enforcement point, or API-accessible appliance within enterprise network architectures, making it a common target for network-reachable exploitation.

Horizon Alert

Summary of the vulnerability and why it matters

A vulnerability in Cisco Identity Services Engine and Cisco Identity Services Engine-Passive Identity Connector could permit an unauthenticated, remote attacker to execute arbitrary code with root privileges on the operating system. This flaw stems from insufficient validation of user-supplied input within a specific API. Exploitation could lead to significant business risk by allowing an attacker to gain complete control over affected devices.

  • Vulnerable API component
  • Insufficient input validation
  • Unauthorized root-level access

Attack Path

How an attacker could exploit the issue

A vulnerability exists in a specific API within Cisco Identity Services Engine and Cisco ISE-PIC. This flaw could enable an unauthenticated, remote attacker to execute arbitrary code with root privileges on the affected system. Exploitation does not require any valid credentials.

  • External network exposure required.
  • Attacker submits a crafted API request.
  • Gains root privileges on the device.

Live Threat

Current exploitation, exposure, and threat context

A vulnerability exists within specific APIs of Cisco Identity Services Engine and Cisco Identity Services Engine-PIC. This flaw could enable an unauthenticated, remote attacker to execute arbitrary code on the underlying operating system with root privileges. Exploitation is possible by sending a specially crafted API request, and the attacker would not need valid credentials. The business risk is high due to the potential for complete system compromise.

  • Likely attacker skill level: Low
  • Required access or conditions: Network access
  • Business risk or urgency: High

Priority actions

Operational Fix

Recommended remediation, mitigation, and detection steps

A critical vulnerability exists within Cisco Identity Services Engine (ISE) and Cisco ISE-PIC API functions. This issue could enable an unauthenticated, remote attacker to execute arbitrary code with root privileges on the underlying operating system without needing any credentials. The vulnerability stems from insufficient validation of user-supplied input, which an attacker can exploit by sending a specifically crafted API request.

  • Identify exposed Cisco ISE assets.
  • Reduce exposure or isolate affected systems.
  • Apply vendor fixes and validate.
  • Monitor for related activity.

Frequently asked questions

What is Cisco Identity Services Engine (ISE)?

Cisco Identity Services Engine (ISE) is a network administration tool used by large organizations to enforce security policies and manage device access. It serves as a central control point for network connections, handling authentication, authorization, and accounting for users and devices.

What is CVE-2025-20281, and what is its weakness?

CVE-2025-20281 is a critical vulnerability affecting Cisco Identity Services Engine (ISE) and ISE-PIC. Its weakness is an injection flaw (CWE-74) due to insufficient validation of user input in a specific API, potentially allowing remote code execution with root privileges.

How can CVE-2025-20281 be exploited, and what is the scope of impact?

An unauthenticated, remote attacker can exploit CVE-2025-20281 by submitting a crafted API request. This vulnerability allows the attacker to bypass authentication and gain root privileges on the affected device, potentially leading to complete system compromise without requiring any valid credentials.

What is the significance of CVE-2025-20281 in the threat landscape?

CVE-2025-20281 is a critical external vulnerability that has been identified as a likely target for exploitation. Its successful exploitation allows for arbitrary code execution with root privileges, posing a high business risk due to the potential for complete system compromise of sensitive network infrastructure.

What are the recommended steps to address CVE-2025-20281?

To address CVE-2025-20281, organizations should identify any exposed Cisco ISE assets, reduce their external exposure, or isolate affected systems. Applying vendor-provided fixes and validating their implementation is crucial. Continuous monitoring for any related malicious activity is also recommended.

References