External risk intelligence

Linux kernel could allow external attacker to crash the system

CVE advisorySeverity: CRITICAL (CVSS 9.8)

CVE-2026-31533

An internal attacker with local access to the Linux kernel can exploit a flaw in network encryption to corrupt system memory. This could result in a system crash or allow the attacker to gain unauthorized control over core processes, compromising system stability.

1Halo Surface Signal

Use After Free

Linux Kernel

5.15.160 to before 5.15.2036.1.84 to before 6.1.1696.6.18 to before 6.6.1356.7.6 to before 6.86.8.1 to before 6.12.826.13 to before 6.18.236.19 to before 6.19.137.0

External exposure likelihood

Halo Surface Signal score for CVE-2026-31533

This vulnerability is located within the internal Linux kernel net/tls subsystem and requires local system access to trigger specific error handling paths. It is not an internet-facing service or protocol endpoint, and therefore lacks the network exposure characteristics required for remote, unauthenticated exploitation from the public internet.

Horizon Alert

Summary of the vulnerability and why it matters

A critical flaw in the Linux kernel's transport layer security (TLS) implementation allows for a use-after-free vulnerability. This means the system might try to use memory that has already been freed, leading to crashes or potential exploitation by attackers.

  • Can cause system instability.
  • Affects systems using Linux kernel TLS.
  • Requires existing access to exploit.

Attack Path

How an attacker could exploit the issue

An attacker with local access could abuse this Linux kernel vulnerability to cause a use-after-free condition, potentially leading to a crash or arbitrary code execution. This is achieved by triggering specific error paths during TLS encryption, corrupting internal counters and allowing a critical data structure to be freed while still in use by an asynchronous operation.

  • Requires local access.
  • Targets TLS encryption path.
  • Relies on specific error conditions.

Live Threat

Current exploitation, exposure, and threat context

This vulnerability in the Linux kernel's net/tls subsystem involves a use-after-free condition. While it has a critical CVSS score, exploitation is unlikely to be a significant threat because it requires local access and triggering specific, complex error paths within the kernel. Attackers generally prefer vulnerabilities that offer remote code execution with fewer preconditions.

  • Exploitation requires local access.
  • Complex error path needed.
  • No known public exploits.

Priority actions

Operational Fix

Recommended remediation, mitigation, and detection steps

Prioritize patching affected Linux kernel versions to address the critical use-after-free vulnerability in net/tls. If immediate patching is not feasible, investigate and implement network-level or host-based controls to monitor or block traffic patterns that could trigger the vulnerability, especially those involving the `tls_do_encryption` function. Ensure all affected systems are inventoried to understand the scope of exposure.

  • Apply kernel patches for affected versions.
  • Monitor for suspicious network activity.
  • Isolate systems if risk is high.

Frequently asked questions

What is the Linux kernel's net/tls subsystem and its function?

The Linux kernel's net/tls subsystem manages secure network communications by implementing the Transport Layer Security protocol. This encryption ensures the privacy and integrity of data exchanged over the internet for services like web browsing and email.

How does CVE-2026-31533 create a use-after-free vulnerability?

CVE-2026-31533 is a use-after-free vulnerability stemming from incorrect error handling in the tls_do_encryption function. This leads to a double-free of memory, corrupting internal counters and potentially allowing freed memory to be accessed by an ongoing operation.

What is the trigger path for CVE-2026-31533's vulnerability?

The vulnerability is triggered when crypto_aead_encrypt returns -EBUSY, enqueuing the request for asynchronous processing. If tls_encrypt_async_wait subsequently returns an error, the synchronous error path in tls_do_encryption performs a cleanup that was already handled by the asynchronous callback, causing the double-free.

What is the relevance of CVE-2026-31533 in a security context?

While CVE-2026-31533 has a critical CVSS score, its relevance as a practical threat is limited. Exploitation requires local system access and the successful triggering of specific, complex error conditions within the kernel's TLS encryption path, making it less attractive to attackers seeking widespread compromise.

What is the recommended operational fix for CVE-2026-31533?

The primary fix is to apply patches to affected Linux kernel versions. If immediate patching is impossible, implement network and host-based controls to monitor or block traffic patterns that might exploit the `tls_do_encryption` function, and inventory all systems to assess exposure.

References